Friday, April 18, 2014
Benefits of Smoking Cessation
Smoking kills -Remember smokers
Touching on a subject that has stirred controversy in countries where pro- and anti-tobacco lobbies are fighting over smoking controls, investigators looked at data from a large survey among British teenagers.
More than a thousand 11- to 16-year-olds took part in the survey, which unfolded in two waves, in 2008 and a followup in 2011.
In 2008, cigarette packets sold in Britain had large text warnings on the front and back.
In 2011, these were joined by anti-smoking pictures on the back panel of the pack.
Between two-thirds and three-quarters of respondents in the survey had never smoked.
Between 17 and 22 percent had experimented with cigarettes.
Around one in 10 were already "regular" smokers, defined as smoking at least one cigarette a week.
All were asked if they recalled the text message or the picture, and say which warning was likely to discourage them from smoking.
The most commonly recalled messages were the two types of general warnings on the packet front.
"Smoking kills" was remembered by 58 percent in 2008, while "Smoking seriously harms you and others around you" by 41 percent.
These rates fell to 47 percent and 25 percent respectively in 2011.
In contrast, the more specific text messages on the back of the pack were recalled by less than one percent of participants both 2008 and 2011.
Recall of the back-of-the-pack images was generally below 10 percent in both waves.
The exception was three scary pictures of rotting teeth, diseased lungs and neck cancer, for which recall increased between 2008 and 2011, reaching a maximum of 33 percent for the diseased lung image.
The research say the pictures had most effect on "never" or experimental smokers.
But the impact was negligible on regular smokers -- except to prompt some of them to buy special "hiding packs" to mask the nasty images.
"As warnings need to be salient to be effective, positioning pictorial warnings only on the less visible reverse panel limits their impact," says the study.
"While recall was high at both waves for pack-front (text) warnings, it was low -- below 10 percent -- for the pictorial warnings on the pack reverse, fear-appeal pictures aside."
The study, appearing in the specialist journal Tobacco Control published by the British Medical Journal (BMJ), also points to the "wear-out" factor, of text and visual warnings that go unchanged for years and fail to make an impact on regular smokers.
More than 60 countries now require pictorial health warnings on packs, according to the paper.
In five countries - Australia, Brunei, Canada, Sri Lanka and Uruguay - the law stipulates that they cover 75 percent of the main surfaces.
European Union (EU) countries must follow a 2001 directive that gives one of two general warnings covering 30-35 percent on the pack front, and 14 specific warnings, covering 40-50 percent of the reverse.
There are also 42 possible images that member states can use on the reverse of packs.
Less than half of the EU's member-states have adopted these pictorial warnings, and none has warnings covering 50 percent of the main pack surfaces overall, a guideline set by the UN's World Health Organisation (WHO).
Smokeless tobacco products and tobacco sales
Lately have appeared
new kinds of smokeless tobacco products on the tobacco markets like "Camel
Orbs" for example, which is tested by Reynolds American Inc. (RAI).
NEW YORK (Dow Jones)--New types of smokeless tobacco products
like the "Camel Orbs" being tested by Reynolds American Inc. (RAI)
could accidentally draw young children because of their candy-like appearance,
researchers said in the Pediatrics journal Monday.
Unintentional
ingestion of tobacco products is a major reason for infant and child toxic
exposures reported to poison-control centers throughout the nation, the article
says. The Camel Orbs product named in the article was launched by Reynolds
American unit R.J. Reynolds in the first quarter of 2009 and the orbs are small
pellets made of finely milled tobacco and contain nicotine.
Smokeless tobacco
products have become increasingly important to the sales of the U.S. tobacco
industry. Americans are smoking fewer cigarettes amid bans on smoking in public
places and other factors.
A Reynolds spokesman
countered that the Camel Orbs products are made for adult tobacco users, sales
are age restricted, they carry the same warning as any other smokeless tobacco
products and they are sold in child resistant packaging. Reynolds maintains
that accidental ingestion of tobacco products isn't a major reason for infant
and child toxic exposures reported to poison-control centers.
The published piece
in the Pediatrics journal suggests that public health authorities study such
products to determine the appropriate regulatory approach. Gregory Connolly,
director of the tobacco control research program at the Harvard School of
Public Health, was the lead author of the study.
Other tobacco
industry critics have had similar concerns. The Food and Drug Administration
was recently given powers to regulate the tobacco industry and its approach to
such products will be closely watched.
Smoking bans and public policies
Smoking
bans represent
public policies, including occupational safety, criminal laws and health
regulations, which forbidden smoking tobacco in workplaces and/or other public
spaces. Legislation may also characterize smoking in a general way as being the
possessing or carrying of any tobacco product.
Smoke-free laws are very rationale because there are made to protect all the people
from the effects of second-hand and third hand smoke, which include a big risk
of cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and other diseases. Laws that are implementing
bans on indoor smoking were introduced by many countries in many forms in the
past years, with a few legislators citing scientific evidence that sustains
that tobacco smoking is harmful to the smokers themselves and to people that
are inhaling second-hand smoke.Such laws may lower health care and improve work productivity, and lower the overall cost of labor in a community, so that it could make the community more attractive for the employers. In
Another rationales for smoking restrictions include a reduced risk of fire in areas where it is possible explosions; cleanliness in places where pharmaceuticals, food, precision instruments and machinery are produced or semiconductors; decreased legal liability; reduced quantities of litter; giving smokers possibility to quit, and healthier environments.
The World Health Organization thinks that smoke-free laws have a big influence to reduce the demand for tobacco products by making an environment where smoking cigarettes for example is more difficult. Together with cessation measures, tax measures and education, smoking ban policy is now seen as an important part in making the smoking rates lower and promoting public health. When all of these are made correctly and strictly and are also implemented right it is considered as one important, useful policy agenda goal to change or at least transform human habits away from unhealthy behavior and towards a healthy lifestyle
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